To whom it may concern:
Anyone interested in any form of large group awareness training (LGAT) should investigate the history of such training.
LGATs generally have a history of bad press, complaints, litigation and in some situations labor violations.
For example, such LGATs as Landmark Education, Executive Success Programs (aka NXIVM), EST, Sterling Institute of Relationships, Mankind Project and Lifespring.
See [
www.culteducation.com]
Psychologist Philip Cushman wrote a research paper about LGATs, which he called "Mass Marathon Trainings".
See [
www.culteducation.com]
Cushman identified 13 liabilities of encounter groups, some of which are similar to characteristics of most current mass marathon psychotherapy training sessions:
1. They lack adequate participant-selection criteria.
2. They lack reliable norms, supervision, and adequate training for leaders.
3. They lack clearly defined responsibility.
4. They sometimes foster pseudoauthenticity and pseudoreality.
5. They sometimes foster inappropriate patterns of relationships.
6. They sometimes ignore the necessity and utility of ego defenses.
7. They sometimes teach the covert value of total exposure instead of valuing personal differences.
8. They sometimes foster impulsive personality styles and behavioral strategies.
9. They sometimes devalue critical thinking in favor of "experiencing" without self-analysis or reflection.
10. They sometimes ignore stated goals, misrepresent their actual techniques, and obfuscate their real agenda.
11. They sometimes focus too much on structural self-awareness techniques and misplace the goal of democratic education; as a result participants may learn more about themselves and less about group process.
12. They pay inadequate attention to decisions regarding time limitations. This may lead to increased pressure on some participants to unconsciously "fabricate" a cure.
13. They fail to adequately consider the "psychonoxious" or deleterious effects of group participation (or] adverse countertransference reactions.
Cushman also said such groups were determined to be dangerous when:
1. Leaders had rigid, unbending beliefs about what participants should experience and believe, how they should behave in the group. and when they should change.
2. Leaders had no sense of differential diagnosis and assessment skills, valued cathartic emotional breakthroughs as the ultimate therapeutic experience, and sadistically pressed to create or force a breakthrough in every participant.
3. Leaders had an evangelical system of belief that was the one single pathway to salvation.
4. Leaders were true believers and sealed their doctrine off from discomforting data or disquieting results and tended to discount a poor result by, "blaming the victim."
Many LGAT have been accused of using coercive persuasion techniques to convince participants of the efficacy of their assertions and/or philosophical approach.
See [
www.culteducation.com]
The key factors that distinguish coercive persuasion from other training and socialization schemes are:
1. The reliance on intense interpersonal and psychological attack to destabilize an individual's sense of self to promote compliance
2. The use of an organized peer group
3. Applying interpersonal pressure to promote conformity
4. The manipulation of the totality of the person's social environment to stabilize behavior once modified
No LGAT has ever published a scientific study of its objective results, to my knowledge, within any credible peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Objective results that could be measured through such a study would include higher grades for students, higher income of graduates, lower divorce rate, less need for counseling and/or diminished use of medication for stress or anxiety. This could be done through a study following participants two, three or five years out after completing an LGAT. Measured against a control group such a study could potentially demonstrate objectively that an LGAT had achieved scientifically measurable objective results.
Instead, LGATs typically rely surveys, polling, testimonials and/or anecdotal stories that demonstrate subjective results, i.e. how people feel they have been affected.
No one disputes that LGATs are effective at influencing the way people feel.
But despite all they money LGATs generate in fees, no LGAT has funded meaningful scientific research to objectively demonstrate the efficacy of its training.