Here is a recent news story explaining the placebo effect in pain relief.
Perhaps these Gurus should just be called Placebo's?
Except placebos are harmless, whereas many gurus have toxic side-effects.
Coz
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www.reuters.co.uk]
Placebo effect is all in the head
Thu 19 February, 2004
By Maggie Fox, Health and Science Correspondent
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A brain scan study shows the placebo effect is real when it comes to pain, even though it really is all in the head.
People who believed dummy treatments were fighting their pain showed reduced brain activity in areas known to be involved in feeling pain, researchers at Princeton and the University of Michigan said on Thursday.
"What we have shown here in this study is when the placebo effect occurs, there really is something going on in the brain to reduce sensation," said Dr. Kenneth Casey, a neurologist at the University of Michigan and the Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health Care System.
The study is in line with other brain research that shows the placebo effect also causes changes in the brains of patients with, for example, depression.
The placebo effect has been known for centuries and the word itself comes from the Latin for "I shall please." Doctors for centuries have prescribed sugar pills to patients they could not otherwise help.
The placebo effect is so strong that medical studies usually must include a "placebo arm" to make sure a new drug truly is working through a unique mechanism.
An estimated 30 percent of patients with a range of conditions will get better simply from the action of taking a pill, getting a shot or otherwise receiving medical treatment.
But if the effects are psychological, they are certainly real. Casey's team has shown that placebos can affect the brain areas that cause the sensation of pain.
"Brain activity is a significant determinant of what we feel, how we feel and in this case of pain, how much we feel," Casey said in a telephone interview.
"When people are expecting the pain to be less, the pain pathways -- those areas in the brain that we know are activated by pain -- show less activity, even though the stimulus is the same."
BRAIN ACTIVITY
Two separate teams used functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to watch changes in blood flow in the brains of volunteers. This is a useful, real-time measure of brain function.
The volunteers given either electric shocks or heat -- painful but harmless. When they believed an analgesic cream had been applied to their arms, many rated the pain as less intense -- and the pain circuits in their brain showed less activity.
Writing in the journal Science, they said their two separate trials of a total of 47 volunteers showed the same thing -- people who experienced the placebo effect had the same brain activity as people who really were given analgesics.
Pain-sensitive areas of the brain that were de-activated included the anterior cingulate cortex, the thalamus and the insula.
And the prefrontal cortex showed increased activity, suggesting that this area controls the placebo effect, Casey said.
If scientists can figure out how to exploit this effect, they may come up with better and less harmful treatments for pain. All painkillers and analgesic drugs can have harmful and even deadly side effects.
The Princeton team noted that volunteers who did not experience the placebo effect -- those who were not fooled by the dummy cream -- did not show any changes in brain activity.
Now Casey is seeking funding to see if some people in fact lack some of the brain mechanisms needed to reduce pain. That may explain why some people need higher doses of painkillers than others do.